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　　1. 無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)償的(de)原(yuan)理(li)：把具有容性功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)負(fu)荷(he)(he)的(de)裝置與(yu)感性功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)負(fu)荷(he)(he)并接在同一(yi)電路，當容性負(fu)荷(he)(he)釋放(fang)能(neng)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)，感性負(fu)荷(he)(he)吸(xi)收能(neng)量(liang)，而感性負(fu)荷(he)(he)釋放(fang)能(neng)量(liang)時(shi)(shi)，容性負(fu)荷(he)(he)吸(xi)收 能(neng)量(liang)，能(neng)量(liang)在兩(liang)種負(fu)荷(he)(he)之(zhi)間(jian)交換。這樣，感性負(fu)荷(he)(he)所吸(xi)收的(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)可從容性負(fu)荷(he)(he)輸出的(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)中得到補(bu)償，這就(jiu)是無(wu)功(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)償的(de)原(yuan)理(li)。

　　2. 有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)：有功(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)是(shi)保持(chi)用電(dian)設(she)備正常運行所需的電(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)，也(ye)就是(shi)將電(dian)能(neng)(neng)轉換為其他(ta)形式(shi)能(neng)(neng)量(機械能(neng)(neng)、光(guang)能(neng)(neng)、熱(re)能(neng)(neng))的電(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)。單位(wei)：瓦(wa)(W)或千瓦(wa)(KW)

　　3. 無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)：無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)比較抽象，它是用于電(dian)(dian)路內電(dian)(dian)場(chang)(chang)與磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)交換，并用來(lai)在電(dian)(dian)氣設備中建(jian)立(li)和維(wei)持磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。它不對外作功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)，而是轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)變(bian)為(wei)其他形(xing)式的(de)(de)(de)能(neng)量(liang)。凡 是有電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)線(xian)圈的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)氣設備，要(yao)(yao)建(jian)立(li)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，就(jiu)要(yao)(yao)消耗無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)。無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)決不是無用功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，它的(de)(de)(de)用處很大。電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)需要(yao)(yao)建(jian)立(li)和維(wei)持旋轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，使轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，從而帶(dai)動(dong)機(ji)(ji) 械運動(dong)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)子磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)就(jiu)是靠從電(dian)(dian)源取得無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)建(jian)立(li)的(de)(de)(de)。變(bian)壓器也(ye)同樣需要(yao)(yao)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，才(cai)能(neng)使變(bian)壓器的(de)(de)(de)一次線(xian)圈產生磁(ci)(ci)(ci)(ci)場(chang)(chang)，在二次線(xian)圈感(gan)應(ying)出(chu)電(dian)(dian)壓。因此，沒 有無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，電(dian)(dian)動(dong)機(ji)(ji)就(jiu)不會轉(zhuan)(zhuan)(zhuan)動(dong)，變(bian)壓器也(ye)不能(neng)變(bian)壓，交流(liu)接觸器不會吸合(he)。單位：乏(var)或千乏(Kvar)

　　4. 感性(xing)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率：電動機和變壓器(qi)在能量轉(zhuan)換過(guo)程中建立交變的磁場，在一個周期內吸收和釋放的功(gong)(gong)率相等(deng)，這種功(gong)(gong)率叫感性(xing)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率。單(dan)位(Kvar)

　　5. 容(rong)性(xing)無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)：電(dian)容(rong)器在(zai)交流電(dian)網(wang)中(zhong)接通時(shi)，在(zai)一個周(zhou)(zhou)期內,上半(ban)周(zhou)(zhou)期的(de)充電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)與下半(ban)周(zhou)(zhou)期的(de)放(fang)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)相(xiang)等，而不消耗能量，這種充放(fang)電(dian)功(gong)率(lv)叫(jiao)容(rong)性(xing)無功(gong)功(gong)率(lv)。單位(wei)(Kvar)

　　6.視在(zai)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)：純電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)是同(tong)相位的(de)(de)(de)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)乘(cheng)積為有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv);但在(zai)感性或(huo)容性電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路中，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)有著相位差，所以電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)和(he)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)乘(cheng)積并不是負荷實際(ji)吸(xi)收的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)，而是表面的(de)(de)(de)數值，稱(cheng)為視在(zai)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)。單位(KVA)

　　7.無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)作用(yong)(yong)：在正(zheng)常(chang)情況下，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)不但要(yao)(yao)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)取(qu)得(de)有功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，同(tong)時還需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)從(cong)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)取(qu)得(de)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)。如果電(dian)(dian)網中的(de)(de)(de)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)供不應求，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)就沒有 足夠的(de)(de)(de)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)來(lai)建立正(zheng)常(chang)的(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)磁(ci)場，那么，這些(xie)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)就不能維持(chi)在額定(ding)(ding)情況下工(gong)作，用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)端電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)就要(yao)(yao)下降，從(cong)而影響用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)的(de)(de)(de)正(zheng)常(chang)運行。　從(cong)發電(dian)(dian)機 和高(gao)壓(ya)輸電(dian)(dian)線供給的(de)(de)(de)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，遠(yuan)遠(yuan)滿足不了負荷的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)，所以(yi)在電(dian)(dian)網中要(yao)(yao)設(she)(she)(she)置一些(xie)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)(bu)償裝置來(lai)補(bu)(bu)充無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)，以(yi)保證(zheng)用(yong)(yong)戶對無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)，這樣用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)設(she)(she)(she)備(bei)(bei)才 能在額定(ding)(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下工(gong)作。這就是電(dian)(dian)網需(xu)(xu)(xu)要(yao)(yao)裝設(she)(she)(she)無功(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)(gong)補(bu)(bu)償裝置的(de)(de)(de)道理。

　　8.無功功率對供、用電產(chan)生一定的(de)不良影響，主要表(biao)現在：

　　(1)降低發電機有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率的輸(shu)出(chu)。

　　(2)降(jiang)低輸、變電設備的供電能力。

　　(3)造成線路(lu)電壓損(sun)失增大和(he)電能(neng)損(sun)耗的增加。

　　(4)造成低功率因(yin)數(shu)運(yun)行和電(dian)壓下降(jiang)，使電(dian)氣設備(bei)容(rong)量得(de)不到充分發揮。

　　9.功率(lv)因(yin)數： 電(dian)網中的(de)電(dian)力(li)負荷(he)如電(dian)動(dong)機(ji)、變壓(ya)(ya)器等(deng)，屬于既有電(dian)阻又有電(dian)感(gan)(gan)的(de)電(dian)感(gan)(gan)性負載。電(dian)感(gan)(gan)性負載的(de)電(dian)壓(ya)(ya)和電(dian)流的(de)相(xiang)量間存在著(zhu)一個相(xiang)位差，通常用相(xiang)位角φ的(de)余弦 cosφ來表(biao)示。cosφ稱(cheng)為功率(lv)因(yin)數，又叫力(li)率(lv)。功率(lv)因(yin)數是反映電(dian)力(li)用戶用電(dian)設備合理使用狀況、電(dian)能利用程(cheng)度和用電(dian)管理水平的(de)一項(xiang)重要(yao)指標。

　　三相功率因數的計算公(gong)式為：cosφ=P/S

　　式中cosφ——功率因數;

　　P——有(you)功功率，kW;

　　Q——無(wu)功功率,kVar;

　　S——視(shi)在功率(lv),kVA;

　　U——用電(dian)(dian)設備的額定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓,V;

　　I——用電設備的運行電流,A。

　　功率(lv)因數(shu)分為自然功率(lv)因數(shu)、瞬時功率(lv)因數(shu)和加權平均功率(lv)因數(shu)。

　　(1)自然(ran)功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)：是指用(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)沒有安裝無功(gong)補(bu)償設(she)備(bei)時的功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)，或者說用(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)本身(shen)所具有的功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)。自然(ran)功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)的高低主要取(qu)決于(yu)(yu)用(yong)電(dian)設(she)備(bei)的負(fu) 荷(he)性質，電(dian)阻性負(fu)荷(he)(白熾燈、電(dian)阻爐)的功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)較(jiao)高，等于(yu)(yu)1，而電(dian)感性負(fu)荷(he)(電(dian)動機、電(dian)焊機)的功(gong)率因(yin)數(shu)(shu)比較(jiao)低，都小于(yu)(yu)1。

　　(2)瞬(shun)時(shi)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數：是指在某(mou)一瞬(shun)間由功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數表讀出(chu)的(de)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數。瞬(shun)時(shi)功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因數是隨著用電(dian)設備(bei)的(de)類型、負(fu)荷的(de)大(da)小(xiao)和(he)電(dian)壓(ya)的(de)高低而時(shi)刻(ke)在變化。

　　(3)加權(quan)平均功率因數(shu)：是指在一定(ding)時間段(duan)內功率因數(shu)的(de)平均值，其(qi)計算公式=

　　10.力(li)(li)率電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)：全(quan)國(guo)供用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)規則(ze)規定，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網高(gao)峰負荷時，用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)(de)(de)(de)功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數應達到的(de)(de)(de)(de)標準為(wei)：高(gao)壓用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)(de)(de)工業用(yong)(yong)戶和高(gao)壓 用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)裝有帶(dai)負荷調整電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓裝置的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)戶，功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數為(wei)0.90以上(shang)(shang)，其(qi)它100KVA及以上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)用(yong)(yong)戶和大中(zhong)型電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)(li)排灌站，功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數為(wei)0.85以上(shang)(shang);農業用(yong)(yong) 電(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數為(wei)0.80以上(shang)(shang)。凡(fan)功(gong)率因(yin)(yin)數達不到上(shang)(shang)述規定的(de)(de)(de)(de)用(yong)(yong)戶，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)部(bu)門會在其(qi)用(yong)(yong)戶使用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)的(de)(de)(de)(de)基礎上(shang)(shang)按一定比例(li)對其(qi)加收一部(bu)分(fen)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)，這部(bu)分(fen)加收的(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)稱為(wei)力(li)(li) 率電(dian)(dian)(dian)費(fei)(fei)(fei)(fei)。

　　11.提高功率因數的方法有兩種(zhong)(zhong)，一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)改善(shan)自(zi)然功率因數，另(ling)一種(zhong)(zhong)是(shi)(shi)安裝人(ren)工補償裝置。