国产AV无码专区亚洲AV毛片搜_中文字幕亚洲第一页_99久久国产精品免费热6_精品无码人妻一区二区三区不卡

                                              無功補償電容器的應用

摘要：電容器作為無功補(bu)償裝(zhuang)置的(de)重要設備，在配(pei)電(dian)系統中被廣泛(fan)使用。用電(dian)企業投入電(dian)容(rong)補償(chang)后，通過合(he)理的(de)配(pei)置和控制電(dian)容(rong)器，功率因數提高到了0.9以上，達到了用電(dian)標準，每年可(ke)節(jie)能100萬余(yu)元(yuan)。

關鍵(jian)詞：電容器   無(wu)功(gong)補償  功(gong)率(lv)因數  節能

1前言

隨著國民經濟的(de)發展，各種電(dian)子設備的(de)應用，導致電(dian)網污染(ran)越來越嚴重，無(wu)功補(bu)償(chang)(chang)電(dian)容器能(neng)有效維持系(xi)統的(de)電(dian)壓水平，提高電(dian)力系(xi)統的(de)穩(wen)定、可靠(kao)性(xing)(xing)，能(neng)夠降低(di)電(dian)網損耗。同時無(wu)功補(bu)償(chang)(chang)電(dian)容器具有自動(dong)切換(huan)、操作方便、運行性(xing)(xing)維護方便等(deng)特(te)點，越來越受到企(qi)業的(de)青睞(lai)。

2  無功補償電容器

2.1 無功補償電容器原理

在交(jiao)流電路(lu)中，由(you)電源(yuan)供(gong)(gong)給(gei)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)電功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)有兩種(zhong)：一種(zhong)是(shi)有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)P，是(shi)指保持用(yong)電設(she)(she)備正常運(yun)行所需的(de)(de)(de)電功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)；另一種(zhong)是(shi)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)，是(shi)指用(yong)于電路(lu)內電場(chang)和磁場(chang)交(jiao)換，并(bing)用(yong)來在電氣設(she)(she)備中建立和維持磁場(chang)的(de)(de)(de)電動率(lv)(lv)(lv)。視(shi)在功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)S表示(shi)有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)和無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)的(de)(de)(de)矢量和。電感(gan)性(xing)負(fu)載(zai)的(de)(de)(de)電壓和電流的(de)(de)(de)相量間存在相位(wei)差，通常用(yong)相位(wei)角表示(shi)，相位(wei)角的(de)(de)(de)余弦(xian)稱為功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。用(yong)電設(she)(she)備本(ben)身(shen)所具(ju)有的(de)(de)(de)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)稱為自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)，多數(shu)用(yong)電設(she)(she)備的(de)(de)(de)自(zi)然功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)都比較低。并(bing)聯(lian)電容(rong)器(qi)與供(gong)(gong)電設(she)(she)備或負(fu)載(zai)并(bing)聯(lian)，則供(gong)(gong)電設(she)(she)備或負(fu)載(zai)所需的(de)(de)(de)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)可以全部或部分由(you)并(bing)聯(lian)電容(rong)器(qi)供(gong)(gong)給(gei)，即并(bing)聯(lian)電容(rong)器(qi)發出的(de)(de)(de)容(rong)性(xing)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)使系(xi)統無(wu)功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)增加，提高了功(gong)(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)因(yin)數(shu)。

2.2無功補償電容器的作用

電(dian)(dian)容在(zai)交流(liu)電(dian)(dian)路里(li)可(ke)將電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)維持在(zai)較高的(de)平均值，改善增加電(dian)(dian)路電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)的(de)穩定性(xing)。對大(da)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)負載(zai)的(de)突發啟(qi)動給予電(dian)(dian)流(liu)補(bu)償，電(dian)(dian)力(li)補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)容組(zu)可(ke)提供(gong)巨大(da)的(de)瞬間電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，減少對電(dian)(dian)網(wang)的(de)沖擊。

電(dian)(dian)路中大量的(de)感性負載(zai)會使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)網的(de)相位(wei)產(chan)生偏差(感性元(yuan)件使(shi)(shi)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)相位(wei)超前電(dian)(dian)流90°)，而電(dian)(dian)容在電(dian)(dian)路里的(de)特性與電(dian)(dian)感正好(hao)相反，起補償作(zuo)用(yong)。

在一定的(de)有功(gong)(gong)功(gong)(gong)率下，當用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)企業(ye)功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)cosP越(yue)小，其視在功(gong)(gong)率也越(yue)大，為(wei)滿足用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)需要，供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)線(xian)路和(he)變壓器的(de)容量也越(yue)大。這樣不僅增(zeng)加供電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)投資，降低設備利(li)用(yong)(yong)率，也將增(zeng)加線(xian)路網損(sun)。在電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網高峰負荷時，用(yong)(yong)戶的(de)功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)應達到標準：高壓用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)工業(ye)用(yong)(yong)戶和(he)裝有帶負荷調(diao)整電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓裝置的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶，功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)為(wei)0.9以(yi)上：其他100kVA及(ji)以(yi)上電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)用(yong)(yong)戶和(he)大中型電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)排(pai)灌站(zhan)，功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)為(wei)0.85以(yi)上；農業(ye)用(yong)(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)為(wei)0.8以(yi)上。

2.3 電容器安全運行條件及保護措施

電容(rong)器安全(quan)運行條件：

（1）電(dian)容(rong)器應(ying)在額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)下運行，電(dian)容(rong)器長時間允許電(dian)壓(ya)不得(de)超過其額(e)定(ding)電(dian)壓(ya)的1.1倍，如果超過，電(dian)容(rong)器應(ying)退出運行；

（2）電容器可以(yi)在(zai)額(e)定電流(liu)下長期運(yun)行(xing)，允許運(yun)行(xing)上限電流(liu)不超(chao)過額(e)定電流(liu)的1.3倍；

（3）電(dian)容(rong)器的(de)額定頻率(lv)必須與(yu)電(dian)網(wang)的(de)工作頻率(lv)一致；

（4）電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)運行(xing)的(de)環境溫(wen)度在-40℃~40℃時(shi)，充(chong)礦物油的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)允(yun)許(xu)溫(wen)升(sheng)為(wei)50℃，充(chong)硅油的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)允(yun)許(xu)溫(wen)升(sheng)為(wei)55℃。每臺(tai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)上應(ying)安裝(zhuang)單獨熔絲保護(hu)(hu)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器(qi)(qi)(qi)組(zu)應(ying)有繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)保護(hu)(hu)，包(bao)括過流保護(hu)(hu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)不平衡(heng)和缺相保護(hu)(hu)、不平衡(heng)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流保護(hu)(hu)、過電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)保護(hu)(hu)、低電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)與失壓(ya)保護(hu)(hu)。

另外，為了避免操(cao)作過電(dian)(dian)壓和大氣過電(dian)(dian)壓系(xi)統(tong)，還(huan)應(ying)該安裝(zhuang)機(ji)座(zuo)的避雷器用來保(bao)護電(dian)(dian)容器（2）。

3 無功補償電容器的實際應用

設(she)(she)立電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)室，安(an)裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜溝及電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)組支(zhi)撐架，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)室安(an)裝(zhuang)監控，采(cai)取防火措施(shi)，配置滅火器(qi)。無(wu)功(gong)補償裝(zhuang)置采(cai)用全(quan)膜介(jie)質電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)，通(tong)過按鈕(niu)將斷路器(qi)合閘后，補償裝(zhuang)置進入(ru)工作狀態，完全(quan)自動(dong)運(yun)行，實時跟蹤(zong)自動(dong)補償，控制器(qi)檢(jian)測到(dao)系統(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)超(chao)過控制器(qi)設(she)(she)備定的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)下限并且無(wu)功(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)超(chao)過設(she)(she)定的(de)投切門限值時，自動(dong)判(pan)斷出需投切電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)組的(de)級數，將對應電(dian)(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)投入(ru)式(shi)切除。

補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器運(yun)(yun)行(xing)階段(duan)，制定巡視(shi)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)制度。由(you)主配電(dian)(dian)室(shi)(shi)值班人員(yuan)每(mei)4h對電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器室(shi)(shi)巡視(shi)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)一次(ci)，檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)內(nei)容(rong)(rong)主要(yao)有(you)設備的(de)工(gong)作模式（正(zheng)常(chang)/故障，分閘狀態(tai)和合閘狀態(tai)），電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器組(zu)的(de)工(gong)作狀態(tai)（投/切)，正(zheng)常(chang)運(yun)(yun)行(xing)過(guo)程(cheng)中(zhong)有(you)無(wu)異常(chang)聲音，房間內(nei)有(you)無(wu)異味，環(huan)境溫度有(you)無(wu)過(guo)熱，電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器運(yun)(yun)行(xing)的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓、頻率電(dian)(dian)流(liu)是(shi)否符合電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器的(de)要(yao)求。值班人員(yuan)每(mei)班在電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)補償(chang)裝置運(yun)(yun)行(xing)日志(zhi)上記錄運(yun)(yun)行(xing)情況，記錄內(nei)容(rong)(rong)包括電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器組(zu)的(de)工(gong)作狀態(tai)，系統(tong)(tong)參數(shu)（系統(tong)(tong)有(you)功(gong)(gong)、系統(tong)(tong)無(wu)功(gong)(gong)、功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)、無(wu)功(gong)(gong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)壓、系統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)、補償(chang)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)）。技術人員(yuan)每(mei)周至少檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)器運(yun)(yun)行(xing)日志(zhi)兩次(ci)。發現隱患及時處理(li)，經過(guo)近2a的(de)數(shu)據(ju)統(tong)(tong)計，投入電(dian)(dian)容(rong)(rong)補償(chang)后，功(gong)(gong)率因數(shu)提(ti)高到(dao)了(le)0.9以上，基本(ben)處于0.95左右，達到(dao)了(le)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)標準，降低了(le)企(qi)業成(cheng)本(ben)。

參考文獻

[1] 周志敏，周紀海，紀愛華.無功補償電容器配置·運行·維護[M].北京：電子工業出版社，2009.

[2] 文紹卿，電力電容器無功補償及其安全應用J].河南科技,2011(5):56-57.

來源：《山東冶金》